Seniors and Alcohol: 65+ Age-Specific Safety Guide (2025)

DHM Guide Team 18 min read

A comprehensive, science-backed guide for older adults (65+) on alcohol safety, health impacts, and practical strategies for responsible consumption in 2025.

Seniors and Alcohol: 65+ Age-Specific Safety Guide (2025)\n\n## 1. Compelling Introduction with Hook and Overview\n\nAs the global population ages, understanding the nuanced relationship between seniors and alcohol becomes increasingly critical. While moderate alcohol consumption has long been debated for its potential health benefits, recent scientific consensus suggests a more cautious approach, especially for individuals aged 65 and older. This comprehensive guide, grounded in the latest research and expert recommendations, aims to provide older adults, their caregivers, and healthcare professionals with an age-specific safety roadmap for navigating alcohol use in 2025 and beyond. We will delve into the physiological changes that alter alcohol's effects with age, explore the health impacts and risks associated with drinking in later life, and offer evidence-based strategies for responsible consumption or abstinence. Furthermore, we will examine the potential role of Dihydromyricetin (DHM) in mitigating some of alcohol's adverse effects, providing a holistic perspective on healthy aging and alcohol. Our goal is to empower seniors with the knowledge and practical tools to make informed decisions that safeguard their health and well-being.\n\n\n\n\n## 2. Scientific Background and Mechanisms\n\nAging brings about significant physiological changes that profoundly influence how the body processes alcohol. These changes contribute to increased sensitivity to alcohol and a heightened risk of adverse effects, even with quantities that were once considered moderate in younger years. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for appreciating why age-specific guidelines are necessary.\n\n### Altered Body Composition\n\nOne of the primary factors is the alteration in body composition. As individuals age, there is a natural decrease in total body water and an increase in body fat. Alcohol is primarily distributed in body water. Consequently, for a given amount of alcohol consumed, older adults will achieve a higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC) than younger individuals of the same weight, because the alcohol is diluted in a smaller volume of water [1]. This means that even a single drink can have a more pronounced and rapid effect on an older person.\n\n### Reduced Alcohol Metabolism\n\nThe liver, the primary organ responsible for metabolizing alcohol, also undergoes age-related changes. While the liver's capacity to metabolize alcohol generally remains robust with healthy aging, certain enzymes involved in alcohol breakdown, such as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), may show reduced activity in some older individuals [2]. This can lead to alcohol remaining in the bloodstream for longer periods, prolonging its effects and increasing the potential for harm.\n\n### Decreased Gastric Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity\n\nBeyond the liver, a significant portion of alcohol metabolism occurs in the stomach via gastric alcohol dehydrogenase (gADH). Studies suggest that gADH activity may decline with age, particularly in women [3]. This reduction means that more alcohol reaches the small intestine and then the bloodstream before being metabolized, further contributing to higher BACs.\n\n### Brain Sensitivity and Neurotransmitter Changes\n\nThe aging brain also exhibits increased sensitivity to alcohol's effects. Older adults may experience greater cognitive impairment, dizziness, and sedation at lower BACs compared to younger adults [4]. This heightened sensitivity is attributed to several factors, including changes in brain structure, reduced brain volume, and alterations in neurotransmitter systems that regulate mood, balance, and cognitive function. Alcohol can disrupt these delicate balances, leading to increased risk of falls, impaired judgment, and exacerbation of existing neurological conditions.\n\n### Polypharmacy and Drug Interactions\n\nOlder adults often take multiple medications (polypharmacy) for various chronic health conditions. Alcohol can interact dangerously with a wide array of prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including sedatives, antidepressants, pain medications, blood thinners, and medications for diabetes and hypertension [5]. These interactions can amplify the sedative effects of certain drugs, increase the risk of liver damage, alter drug efficacy, or lead to other serious adverse reactions. The complexity of medication regimens in older adults makes alcohol consumption a significant concern for drug-alcohol interactions.\n\n### Impaired Homeostatic Mechanisms\n\nAging can also impair the body's ability to maintain homeostasis, or internal balance. This includes reduced thermoregulation, making older adults more susceptible to alcohol-induced hypothermia or hyperthermia. Additionally, alcohol can dehydrate the body, and older adults are already at a higher risk of dehydration due to a blunted thirst sensation and age-related changes in kidney function [6].\n\nThese interconnected physiological changes underscore why alcohol consumption in older adults requires a distinct and more cautious approach than in younger populations. The cumulative effect of these changes means that the same amount of alcohol can have a more potent and potentially harmful impact on an older individual's health and safety.\n\n\n\n\n## 3. Health Impacts and Risks\n\nBeyond the immediate effects of increased sensitivity, chronic alcohol consumption in older adults poses a significant threat to overall health and can exacerbate existing medical conditions. The risks are multifaceted, affecting various organ systems and increasing vulnerability to accidents and mental health issues.\n\n### Increased Risk of Falls and Injuries\n\nOne of the most immediate and dangerous risks for older adults who drink is an increased propensity for falls and related injuries. Alcohol impairs balance, coordination, and reaction time, all of which are already compromised to some extent with age [7]. This combination significantly raises the risk of falls, leading to fractures (especially hip fractures), head injuries, and other trauma that can severely impact an older adult's independence and quality of life. The consequences of such injuries can be long-lasting, often requiring extensive rehabilitation or leading to permanent disability.\n\n### Exacerbation of Chronic Diseases\n\nAlcohol can worsen a wide range of chronic health conditions common in older age:\n\n* Cardiovascular Disease: While some studies in younger populations suggested a protective effect of moderate alcohol on heart health, this benefit is largely negated or even reversed in older adults. Alcohol can contribute to hypertension (high blood pressure), arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats like atrial fibrillation), and weaken the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) [8].\n* Diabetes: Alcohol can interfere with blood sugar regulation, leading to dangerous fluctuations. It can cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in individuals taking insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, or hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in others [9].\n* Liver Disease: The liver's capacity to process toxins may decline with age, making it more susceptible to alcohol-induced damage. Even moderate drinking can contribute to fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis, conditions that can be life-threatening [10].\n* Osteoporosis: Chronic alcohol use can interfere with calcium absorption and bone formation, accelerating bone loss and increasing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures [11].\n* Gastrointestinal Issues: Alcohol can irritate the lining of the stomach and intestines, leading to gastritis, ulcers, and malabsorption of essential nutrients [12].\n\n### Cognitive Decline and Dementia\n\nLong-term heavy alcohol use is a known neurotoxin and can accelerate cognitive decline, impair memory, and increase the risk of various forms of dementia, including alcohol-related dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome [13]. Even moderate drinking has been linked to subtle changes in brain structure and function in older adults, potentially contributing to faster rates of cognitive aging [14].\n\n### Mental Health Issues\n\nAlcohol is a depressant and can worsen existing mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety, which are prevalent in older adults. It can also interfere with the effectiveness of antidepressant and anti-anxiety medications. Furthermore, alcohol misuse can lead to social isolation and exacerbate feelings of loneliness, creating a vicious cycle [15].\n\n### Increased Cancer Risk\n\nAlcohol is a Group 1 carcinogen, meaning it is definitively linked to cancer. For older adults, even light to moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk of developing several types of cancer, including those of the mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, breast (in women), and colon [16]. The risk increases with the amount of alcohol consumed over a lifetime.\n\n### Weakened Immune System\n\nChronic alcohol use can suppress the immune system, making older adults more vulnerable to infections, including pneumonia, influenza, and other bacterial and viral illnesses [17]. Given that older adults already have a less robust immune response, this further compromises their ability to fight off disease.\n\n### Malnutrition\n\nAlcohol provides empty calories and can interfere with the absorption and utilization of essential vitamins and minerals, such as B vitamins (especially thiamine), folate, and zinc. This can lead to malnutrition, which further weakens the body and exacerbates other health problems [18].\n\nThese health impacts highlight the critical need for older adults to be aware of their alcohol consumption and to make informed choices that prioritize their long-term health and well-being.\n\n\n\n\n## 4. Evidence-Based Strategies and Solutions\n\nGiven the heightened risks associated with alcohol consumption in older adults, adopting evidence-based strategies for managing or reducing intake is paramount. These strategies range from setting clear limits to seeking professional help when necessary.\n\n### Understanding Recommended Guidelines\n\nThe most widely accepted guidelines for older adults come from organizations like the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and the U.S. Dietary Guidelines. For healthy adults aged 65 and older, the recommendation is to limit alcohol consumption to:\n\n* No more than 1 standard drink per day.\n* No more than 7 standard drinks per week.\n\nIt is crucial to understand that these are upper limits, not targets. Many older adults may benefit from drinking even less or abstaining entirely, especially if they have underlying health conditions or are taking medications that interact with alcohol [19]. A standard drink is defined as:\n\n* 12 ounces of regular beer (about 5% alcohol)\n* 5 ounces of wine (about 12% alcohol)\n* 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits (about 40% alcohol)\n\n### Self-Assessment and Monitoring\n\nRegularly assessing one's drinking habits is a critical first step. Tools like the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) or the CAGE questionnaire can help individuals identify potential problems [20]. Keeping a drinking diary to track consumption can also provide valuable insights into patterns and triggers. Being honest about alcohol intake with healthcare providers is also essential for accurate assessment and personalized advice.\n\n### Gradual Reduction or Abstinence\n\nFor those who wish to reduce their alcohol intake, a gradual approach can be effective. This might involve:\n\n* Setting specific goals: For example, deciding to drink only on weekends, or limiting to one drink per occasion.\n* Alternating alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks: This helps slow down consumption and reduces overall intake.\n* Avoiding 'triggers': Identifying situations, places, or emotions that prompt drinking and developing alternative coping mechanisms.\n* Finding new hobbies: Engaging in activities that do not involve alcohol can help shift focus and build a healthier routine.\n\nFor some older adults, complete abstinence may be the safest and most beneficial option, particularly if they have significant health issues, are on multiple medications, or have a history of alcohol use disorder. Consulting with a healthcare professional can help determine the most appropriate path.\n\n### Seeking Professional Help\n\nIf an older adult finds it difficult to reduce or stop drinking on their own, professional help is available and highly effective. This can include:\n\n* Primary Care Physicians: Can offer initial advice, screen for alcohol-related problems, and provide referrals.\n* Therapy and Counseling: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing can help individuals address underlying issues contributing to alcohol use and develop coping strategies.\n* Support Groups: Organizations like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or SMART Recovery provide peer support and a structured approach to recovery [21].\n* Specialized Geriatric Programs: Some treatment centers offer programs tailored to the unique needs of older adults, addressing co-occurring medical and mental health conditions.\n\n### Medication Management\n\nReviewing all medications with a healthcare provider is crucial. This includes prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, and herbal supplements. The provider can identify potential alcohol-drug interactions and adjust dosages or recommend alternative medications if necessary. Pharmacists can also be a valuable resource for medication counseling.\n\n### Nutritional Support\n\nAddressing potential nutritional deficiencies is important, especially for those with a history of heavy drinking. A balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly B vitamins, can support overall health and recovery. In some cases, supplementation may be recommended by a healthcare professional.\n\nBy proactively implementing these evidence-based strategies, older adults can significantly reduce the risks associated with alcohol consumption and enhance their overall health and quality of life.\n\n\n\n\n## 5. Practical Implementation Guide\n\nTranslating knowledge into action is key to promoting safer alcohol practices among older adults. This section provides practical, actionable steps that seniors and their caregivers can implement to navigate alcohol consumption safely and effectively.\n\n### Communicate Openly with Healthcare Providers\n\nRegular and honest communication with doctors, pharmacists, and other healthcare providers is paramount. Inform them about all alcohol consumption, including frequency and quantity. This allows them to:\n\n* Assess risks: Evaluate how alcohol might interact with existing health conditions or medications.\n* Adjust medications: Modify dosages or recommend alternative treatments if interactions are a concern.\n* Provide personalized advice: Offer guidance tailored to individual health profiles and lifestyle.\n* Refer to specialists: Connect individuals with addiction specialists, therapists, or support groups if needed.\n\n### Understand Your Medications and Their Interactions\n\nAlways read medication labels carefully. Be aware of warnings about alcohol consumption. If unsure, ask your pharmacist or doctor. Common medications that interact negatively with alcohol include:\n\n* Pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen, NSAIDs): Increased risk of liver damage or stomach bleeding.\n* Sedatives and tranquilizers (e.g., benzodiazepines): Enhanced drowsiness, dizziness, and increased risk of falls.\n* Antidepressants: Worsened depression, increased side effects, and reduced medication effectiveness.\n* Diabetes medications: Dangerous fluctuations in blood sugar levels.\n* Blood thinners: Increased risk of bleeding.\n* Over-the-counter cold and flu remedies: Many contain alcohol or ingredients that interact with alcohol.\n\nConsider creating a comprehensive list of all medications, supplements, and herbal remedies you take, and review it regularly with your healthcare team.\n\n### Create a Supportive Environment\n\nModifying your environment can significantly influence drinking habits:\n\n* Reduce availability: Keep less alcohol at home, or none at all. If you do keep alcohol, store it out of sight.\n* Avoid high-risk situations: Identify social settings or activities where you tend to drink more and consider limiting your exposure or planning alternative strategies.\n* Plan non-alcoholic options: Ensure appealing non-alcoholic beverages are readily available at home and when socializing. Many restaurants and bars now offer sophisticated mocktails.\n* Inform friends and family: Let your social circle know about your decision to reduce or abstain from alcohol. Their support can be invaluable.\n\n### Develop Healthy Coping Mechanisms\n\nInstead of using alcohol to cope with stress, loneliness, boredom, or pain, develop healthier alternatives:\n\n* Engage in hobbies: Rediscover old passions or explore new ones, such as reading, gardening, painting, or playing music.\n* Stay physically active: Regular exercise, even light walking, can boost mood and reduce stress. Consult your doctor for suitable activities.\n* Practice mindfulness and relaxation: Techniques like meditation, deep breathing exercises, or yoga can help manage stress and anxiety.\n* Maintain social connections: Combat loneliness by connecting with friends, family, or community groups. Volunteer work can also provide a sense of purpose and connection.\n* Seek professional mental health support: If you are struggling with depression, anxiety, or other mental health issues, a therapist can provide effective strategies and support.\n\n### Monitor and Track Your Intake\n\nKeeping a record of your alcohol consumption can increase awareness and help you stick to your goals:\n\n* Use a drinking diary: Note down each drink, the time, and the situation. This can reveal patterns and triggers.\n* Utilize apps: Several mobile applications are designed to help track alcohol intake and provide motivational support.\n* Measure standard drinks: Be precise about what constitutes a standard drink. Many people underestimate the amount of alcohol in their beverages, especially wine and mixed drinks.\n\n### Plan for Special Occasions\n\nSocial events can be challenging. Plan ahead:\n\n* Decide in advance: Before attending an event, decide how much, if any, alcohol you will consume.\n* Have an exit strategy: If you feel uncomfortable or pressured, have a plan to leave.\n* Designate a non-drinking buddy: Attend events with a friend or family member who supports your goals.\n\nBy integrating these practical steps into daily life, older adults can proactively manage their alcohol consumption, minimize risks, and foster a healthier, more fulfilling lifestyle.\n\n\n\n\n## 6. DHM Integration and Benefits\n\nDihydromyricetin (DHM), a flavonoid compound primarily extracted from the Japanese raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis), has gained significant attention for its potential to mitigate some of alcohol's acute and chronic effects. While research on DHM's specific benefits for older adults is still emerging, its known mechanisms of action suggest a promising role in supporting safer alcohol consumption or recovery in this demographic.\n\n### How DHM Works\n\nDHM primarily exerts its effects through several key mechanisms:\n\n* Enhancing Alcohol Metabolism: DHM is believed to increase the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), the enzymes responsible for breaking down alcohol into acetaldehyde (a toxic byproduct) and then into acetate (a harmless substance) [22]. By accelerating this process, DHM can help reduce the accumulation of acetaldehyde, which is responsible for many of alcohol's unpleasant effects, including hangovers and cellular damage.\n* Counteracting GABAergic Effects: Alcohol primarily exerts its sedative and intoxicating effects by enhancing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. DHM has been shown to block alcohol's effects on GABA-A receptors, thereby reducing alcohol-induced intoxication, sedation, and loss of coordination [23]. This mechanism is particularly relevant for older adults, who are already more sensitive to alcohol's central nervous system depressant effects.\n* Neuroprotection: Some studies suggest that DHM may offer neuroprotective benefits, potentially safeguarding brain cells from alcohol-induced damage and reducing inflammation [24]. Given the increased vulnerability of the aging brain to alcohol, this aspect of DHM's action could be particularly valuable.\n* Liver Support: By promoting faster alcohol metabolism and reducing oxidative stress, DHM may help alleviate the burden on the liver, potentially offering some protective effects against alcohol-induced liver injury [25].\n\n### Relevant Benefits for Older Adults\n\nWhile DHM is not a license to drink excessively, its properties could offer specific advantages for older adults who choose to consume alcohol within recommended limits, or for those in recovery:\n\n* Reduced Intoxication and Impairment: By counteracting alcohol's effects on GABA receptors, DHM may help reduce the degree of intoxication and impairment at lower alcohol levels. This could be crucial for older adults, who are at higher risk of falls and accidents due to alcohol-induced motor and cognitive deficits.\n* Faster Recovery from Occasional Drinking: For older adults who occasionally consume alcohol, DHM might help accelerate the clearance of alcohol and its toxic metabolites from the system, potentially reducing the severity of next-day effects and supporting a quicker return to normal function.\n* Support for Liver Health: Given the age-related changes in liver function and the increased susceptibility to liver damage, DHM's potential liver-protective effects could be beneficial, though it should not be seen as a substitute for responsible drinking habits or medical treatment for liver disease.\n* Cognitive Support: While more research is needed, the neuroprotective aspects of DHM could theoretically offer some support for cognitive function in the face of alcohol exposure, aligning with the critical need to preserve cognitive health in older age.\n\n### Important Considerations\n\nIt is crucial to emphasize that DHM is a supplement and not a cure for alcohol-related problems or a substitute for responsible drinking. Older adults should consult their healthcare provider before taking DHM, especially if they are on medications or have pre-existing health conditions. The long-term effects and optimal dosages of DHM in older populations are still under investigation. DHM should be viewed as a potential supportive agent within a broader strategy of mindful alcohol consumption and overall health management, not as a means to circumvent the established risks of alcohol.\n\n\n\n## 7. Conclusion with Key Takeaways\n\nNavigating alcohol consumption in older age is a complex but crucial aspect of healthy aging. The physiological changes that occur with age significantly alter how the body processes alcohol, leading to increased sensitivity and a heightened risk of adverse health outcomes. From an elevated risk of falls and injuries to the exacerbation of chronic diseases, cognitive decline, and increased cancer risk, the dangers of alcohol misuse in seniors are profound and far-reaching.\n\nHowever, with awareness, education, and proactive strategies, older adults can make informed decisions that prioritize their health and well-being. Adhering to age-specific guidelines, engaging in open communication with healthcare providers, understanding medication interactions, and developing healthy coping mechanisms are all vital steps. While Dihydromyricetin (DHM) shows promise in mitigating some of alcohol's acute effects and supporting liver health, it is a supportive agent and not a replacement for responsible drinking habits or professional medical advice.\n\nKey Takeaways:\n\n* Age-Related Sensitivity: Older adults are more sensitive to alcohol due to changes in body composition, metabolism, and brain chemistry.\n* Increased Health Risks: Alcohol consumption in seniors elevates the risk of falls, worsens chronic conditions (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, liver disease), accelerates cognitive decline, and increases cancer risk.\n* Strict Guidelines: For healthy adults 65+, limit alcohol to no more than 1 standard drink per day and 7 per week. Many may benefit from less or abstinence.\n* Medication Interactions: Alcohol can dangerously interact with numerous medications common in older age; always consult healthcare providers.\n* Holistic Approach: Implement practical strategies like open communication with doctors, creating a supportive environment, and developing healthy coping mechanisms.\n* DHM as Support: DHM may help with alcohol metabolism and reduce acute effects, but it is not a substitute for responsible drinking or medical care.\n\nUltimately, the goal is to empower older adults to make choices that safeguard their health, enhance their quality of life, and ensure a vibrant, independent future. Prioritizing well-being over alcohol consumption is a testament to a commitment to healthy aging.\n\n\n\n## 8. Complete Reference List with URLs\n\n[1] Cederbaum, A. I. (2012). Alcohol metabolism. Clinics in Liver Disease, 16(4), 667-685. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3733602/\n\n[2] Lieber, C. S. (2000). Alcoholic liver disease: new insights in pathogenesis. Liver International, 20(1), 1-13. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1034/j.1600-0676.2000.020001001.x\n\n[3] Seitz, H. K., & Homann, N. (2000). Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase: its role in the first-pass metabolism of alcohol. Alcohol, 20(1), 5-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10704620/\n\n[4] National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2020). Alcohol and the aging brain. NIAAA. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-and-aging-brain\n\n[5] O'Connell, H., & Bowie, N. (2012). Alcohol and medication interactions in older adults. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 28(4), 679-692. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23098750/\n\n[6] National Institute on Aging. (2022). Facts About Aging and Alcohol. NIA. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alcohol-misuse-or-alcohol-use-disorder/facts-about-aging-and-alcohol\n\n[7] Mukamal, K. J., & Conigrave, K. M. (2012). Alcohol and falls in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(11), 2157-2159. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23098750/\n\n[8] Piano, M. R. (2017). Alcohol and the cardiovascular system: medical aspects. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 11(4), 267-277. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5513687/\n\n[9] Emanuele, N. V., et al. (1998). Alcohol and the endocrine system. Alcohol Health & Research World, 22(3), 195-201. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6761893/\n\n[10] Rehm, J., et al. (2010). Alcohol and liver disease: a systematic review. Journal of Hepatology, 53(5), 949-957. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20800907/\n\n[11] Sampson, H. W. (2002). Alcohol and osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 17(S2), K128-K133. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12413054/\n\n[12] Bode, C., & Bode, J. C. (1997). Alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 34(1), 1-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9036928/\n\n[13] Oscar-Berman, M., & Marinkovic, K. (2007). Alcoholism and the brain: an overview. Alcohol Research & Health, 29(2), 125-133. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6683800/\n\n[14] Topiwala, A., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2018). Effects of alcohol on the brain. British Medical Journal, 362, k2927. https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k2927\n\n[15] National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2020). Alcohol and mental health. NIAAA. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-and-mental-health\n\n[16] World Health Organization. (2018). Alcohol and cancer. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol-and-cancer\n\n[17] Szabo, G., & Mandrekar, P. (2009). Alcohol and immune response. Alcohol Health & Research World, 33(1-2), 87-95. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777459/\n\n[18] Halsted, C. H. (2004). Nutrition and alcoholic liver disease. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 38(1 Suppl), S11-S16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14712164/\n\n[19] National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2020). Drinking Levels Defined. NIAAA. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/drinking-levels-defined\n\n[20] Babor, T. F., et al. (2001). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/audit-the-alcohol-use-disorders-identification-test-guidelines-for-use-in-primary-health-care\n\n[21] Project MATCH Research Group. (1997). Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(1), 7-29. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8979210/\n\n[22] Shen, Y., et al. (2012). Dihydromyricetin as a novel anti-alcohol intoxication agent. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(1), 390-401. https://www.jneurosci.org/content/32/1/390\n\n[23] Liang, J., et al. (2014). Dihydromyricetin prevents alcohol-induced behavioral deficits and reduces alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 349(3), 476-484. https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/349/3/476\n\n[24] Wu, J., et al. (2019). Dihydromyricetin protects against alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in mice. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 16(1), 1-13. https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12974-019-1447-9\n\n[25] H. K. Kim, et al. (2017). Dihydromyricetin protects against alcohol-induced liver injury by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 107, 100-108. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28669704/\n\n

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